https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog daily 0.75 2020-07-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1531791696150-TIV2HKY0QTC57FVF5BY6/IMG_0801.jpg Blog https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/the-lost-forest-gardens-of-europe monthly 0.5 2021-08-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594958276481-THKICUQ2225739DLHIMR/europe+hazelnut+orchard+mossy+shade+forest+garden+filbert+farm Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594514893837-Z2C0UGIBVWCD8DEXTSCJ/32e4472dcbfe51145223c14d4d693aea-1024x757.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594653132306-QQU2815TPZ4HP03VJSS3/coltura+promiscua+mixed+farming+permaculture+agroecology+italy+corn+maize+tree+field+maple+acer+campestre+grape+grapes+vines+trellis Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe A row of field maples (Acer campestre) trellis grape vines, and are pollarded to harvest ‘tree hay’ fodder for livestock. Maize grows beside the row. The grapes are harvested to make wine. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594653302457-LUCQ8ZRVR5MANMWGZM80/grape+harvest+vines+trees+coltura+promiscua+italy+veneto+ancient+farming+methods Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594448796315-0DDIGUZKFG5ZJM7DK76F/star+carr+deer+mask+head+dress+mesolithic+pagan Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe A Mesolithic shaman’s deer headdress from Star Carr in northern England. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594659267665-8F7FVM7ITZC1G4M5KIJS/mesolithic+hut+thatch+belgium+stone+age+natural+architecture Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Mesolithic people constructed their houses from locally-available materials. Hazel poles often comprised the skeleton of the structure, and reeds like Phragmites australis (now endangered in Europe, but a common invasive in North America) were used as thatching. Mesolithic societies were experts at creating thriving societies whose only traces were stone tools and a more diverse landscape. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594659188611-MR5PUNYQWFI095B0XK5J/tundra+europe+norway+ice+age+lichen+dwarf+willow+birch+stone Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594449300562-70QYQUKCTURJDDM28XKV/hazelnuts+filberts+nuts+shelled+mesolithic+staple+crop+food+native+indigenous+hunter+gatherer+europe Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594449477731-RH77TDWE34SN3MARATC5/nettles+nettle+urtica+dioica+food+medicine+native+europe Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594660028082-LPBTXLHKVF3OAQOEPBRZ/controlled+burn+forest+fire+ecological+regeneration+ancient+methods+swidden Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Controlled burns of the forest and savannah allowed Mesolithic Europeans to alter and diversify their environment on a large scale, creating new habitats that fed people and supported more wildlife. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1595376335121-HDLHCIRAPHL3LBEJJ7HA/red+deer+english+ivy+forest+landscape+management+mesolithic+hedera+helix Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594656409852-5AMJYPA7RLJTGPD7UAPD/5009406_a57a384d_original.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Hazel coppice woods are still maintained throughout northern Europe and Turkey https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594655833297-4US0N6PHZEAAGK8I3B9I/5656440_d8e66936_1024x1024.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - By cutting the hazel shrub down to the base every few years, the plant regenerates and can be kept productive for centuries or more https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594655834215-O36KTCJGZ4Z3NZUFT2BI/280228_daeadaa1.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Hazel shrubs can grow in dark woods or open field settings. Management with fire likely kept hazel orchards sunny during the Mesolithic https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594655834272-IM7V4XPFVF712ZC7T0HH/179124_11755154.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - A wide range of woodland perennials naturally grow in coppice woods - including wild foraged delicacies like ramson (wild leeks) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594655836498-81DH9AO5YWOSETDBNA7I/276247_3a9e7ca6.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Oftentimes hazel coppices include 'standards', or uncoppiced trees. These oak standards around coppiced hazels in England show what Mesolithic nut orchards may have looked like https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594655837361-EVYMVI5JN9HZQFFZGJKF/1416764_e2c38558_1024x1024.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Because coppices can let in sunlight, weed management is key. Mesolithic hunter gatherers periodically burned or hoed their wild forest gardens to maintain an open parklike environment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594656278553-4IGAL5ICTGJ2IJB6SXMM/1750489_0585e421.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Coppicing hazel shrubs every 5-10 years provides extremely useful poles that can be used for stakes, firewood, construction, tools and tool handles, weapons, fences, and crafts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594660570333-V0VYOHAPVQ62HYN5CJT4/grain+field+farming+neolithic+first+cereal+agriculture+younger+dryas+natufians Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594750068503-CPQBLAVDWXSD6FI60ZZR/bere%2Bbarley%2Bscotland%2Bhebrides%2Bancient%2Blandrace Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Some of the oldest landraces of grain are still grown on the fringes of Europe. This ‘Bere’ barley has been grown in the Hebrides islands of Scotland for around 6,000 years. It is so old that its name is from a pre-Indo-European language that is now extinct. This barley has been preserved by small crofters for millennia and, like many ancestral crop landraces, has unique adaptations and qualities that are missing in modern barley varieties. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594447898612-7EGG0TGLHOBJQQKAJNK5/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Grain https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594502161088-XWM1V100U3EWWGCJCMIN/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Peas https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594448263967-LYEO4RAUHL1SXOMCS0Z9/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Hemp https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594448241011-FZAJPS97ABH318WEJK35/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Flax https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594448145982-GZ2OP2NSLKJBLSQTOBH8/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Poppies https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594661267036-MU1JVHKCQCQK9RVY7BRZ/iberian+pigs+iberico+in+dehesa+montado+spain+portugal+jamon Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Iberian pigs forage below oak trees in a Spanish dehesa. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594661413303-706RJHTH145HCH17T8Y0/dehesa+cow+bull+cork+oak+spain+spanish+portugal+montado Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Cattle graze in a cork oak savannah - a classic dehesa ecosystem that produces much of the cork used in Europe’s wine industry. The cork is in the bark of the tree and is periodically removed, as can be seen here. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594512869808-OYK73RTW0XVN6AWETR2D/joe+hogan+willow+bed+ireland+salix+basket+wicker Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Annually coppiced willow beds are a source of fine materials for wickerwork and other crafts. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594513154796-5KJ954WJWL76M9R5L47K/coppice+wood+bluebells+england+biodiversity+preservation+ancient+crafts Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Old coppice woods are irreplaceable habitats for rare species, including these bluebells - a species associated with ancient woodlands https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594513736106-BHT04SU04LP0SF6IKHJF/hedgerow+ireland+sinn+fein+hedge+boundary+biodiversity Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Hedgerows are living boundaries with enormous functionality and ecological benefit. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594513955774-AJN2O1XRY34VEM6EVF04/hedegrows+crisscrossing+landscape+old+fields+and+farms+europe+england+hedge+biodiversity+national+geographic+patchwork+quilts+of+english+countryside Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594751515066-WAFFRPO1M2L24Y2HH55A/nut+tree+in+field Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652433346-N1W3FUR4KERW54Z5KBLX/22136908_1361180377314366_3600471560033249482_o.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - On this farm, mulberries trellising grape vines are pollarded in alternate years. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652433478-7AFV87J9ZLYUE7ZDGN7F/22104569_1361180723980998_6164824170953227724_o.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Pollarding trees in this system allows grapes and field crops to get more light, keep the trees at a manageable size, and provides leaf fodder for farm animals and bundles of sticks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652433992-TSD4TMRKSHJ1C90546D2/22136986_1361190403980030_8190643441934545560_o.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - A grape vine is trellised in a mulberry tree https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652716851-3RL8XD211W5M357U6ULM/Screen+Shot+2020-07-13+at+11.03.35+AM.png Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Over millennia, many styles of trellising grapes into trees have been created https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652716493-QXILHIO2RPUV91HFDNZV/Screen+Shot+2020-07-13+at+11.03.45+AM.png Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - These trellising styles are almost forgotten, but represent an entire class of knowledge that is thousands of years old https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652715363-T4HHQENM9GXK548GT2Q5/Screen+Shot+2020-07-13+at+11.04.03+AM.png Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - The interplay of pollarding trees and trellising grapes requires specific tools and expertise https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652715742-VKEX3FXDFH9V1GC350RB/Screen+Shot+2020-07-13+at+11.04.44+AM.png Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Fortunately, this knowledge was recorded in a handful of books centuries ago https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594652388020-LIGJD1JWUJNLCKS52W98/vite-maritata.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - These agroecological systems are ancient, but can be revived once again https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594651489500-1YZXKP30049BQS34KLJV/22137283_1361184803980590_7780060063558767862_o.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - A strip of maize between rows of mulberry and grape. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594651377313-3PBBDRXNTC7JK58E6TM3/22104786_1361177150648022_6426172463204401256_o.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Hay is harvested and collected in some strips. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594651341843-NHNPLK0DR8CW39PVCLJ7/22104312_1361190873979983_5181247548980385511_o.jpg Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe - Coltura promiscua is highly diverse in spacing, crop assemblages, and trellising styles. Here, rows of trees and grapes are widely spaced to allow for maximum field crop production. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594516089828-NO4TA9TJJ3SDQUWYJOQ4/agroforestry%2Bbiodiversity%2Bfarm%2Btree%2Bfields%2Bgrain%2Bhedgerows%2Banimals%2Binsects%2Bbirds Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe Diverse, well-integrated farms like coltura promiscua support significantly more native biodiversity than modern monocultures. Source: BUNDESAMT, F. U., & LANDSCHAFT, W. U. (1997). Umwelt in der Schweiz 1997. Berna, Buwal. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594528558230-M29RGICAP6JVAXH6QBSS/coltura+promiscua+sicily+italy+agroecology+permaculture+olive+grain+citrus+ruins+roman+greek+forest+garden+trees+farm+farming+garden Blog - The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2020/7/7/metasequoia-creating-a-forest-of-living-gods monthly 0.5 2020-07-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153431698-A0KWIEHCHKSWTUHDZR1V/Dawn%2Bredwood%2Bmetasequoia%2Bforest%2Bphoto%2Bby%2BZhang%2BAnghe Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594154626850-JXNJUR4GIEFMQTG0YA1B/metasequoia%2Bglyptostroboides%2Bdawn%2Bredwood%2Brutgers%2Bplantation%2Bseed%2Borchard%2Bnew%2Bjersey Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594154210268-XMY9MJIA8NEP69HWWWMQ/Metasequoia+Valley%2C+Xiaohe+Commune%2C+Hubei+Province%2C+China%2C+photographed+in+1980+by+Stephen+A.+Spongberg. Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods Metasequoia Valley, Xiaohe Commune, Hubei Province, China, photographed in 1980 by Stephen A. Spongberg. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594154448421-9TQ66PW8KA6RJJMKCALO/metasequoia+dawn+redwood+fossil+foliage+alberta+canada Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods Metasequoia trees were native to North America during the time of the dinosaurs. In the 1950’s, the species returned to its prehistoric homeland for the first time in over 50 million years https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153576523-2LNH4TD2D4V4LRFD0ANH/75543696_720764911737295_2578239292643999744_n.jpg Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153579097-VRPNM2GVT497Y1KVQANY/74312264_2586507161430698_308289045950103552_n.jpg Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153581460-8PVPBHMWTLU49IUD4WE0/76720824_3346864742021038_7468392255896682496_n.jpg Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153583476-LF0EHRH70QM38XRJ12PY/75481659_1767271680074431_6149666236067217408_n.jpg Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153586694-8WXHS0Y4BPDZHG5HGCY5/74587931_1165390410320945_3901776225600798720_n.jpg Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1594153264941-4QR3PJA1LJLZXEXLNGE3/metasequoia+dawn+redwood+princeton+new+jersey Blog - Dawn Redwood: In the Forest of Living Gods https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2020/5/2/the-life-death-and-rebirth-of-cubas-most-historic-tobacco monthly 0.5 2020-05-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588439614550-1XR1E3X1TINWFS3T75FM/Cuba+drying+tobacco Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588439913993-2BHISGUB0DPSHV0HXOON/Tobacco+fields+in+Vi%C3%B1ales Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco Tobacco fields in Viñales. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588438770082-UGAVFXFD2LCL1T2BXUFG/Recreation-village-Taino-Santiago-de-Cuba-Baconao.jpg Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco A reconstructed Taíno village in Cuba. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588438830755-DWO9PG2GT6OWVJYCTJL5/Taino+woman+and+child Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco A Native woman and child from Baracoa, Cuba. 1919. In the past few years, researchers have begun taking a deeper look at the hidden histories of indigenous people in the Greater Antilles. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588439258816-LHQER391GFS32YKEDHYZ/tobacco%2Bdying%2Bshed%2Bin%2BVin%25CC%2583ales Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco Even the architecture in deeply rural areas of Cuba, such as this tobacco dying shed, is influenced by traditional Taíno materials and techniques. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588440055289-LTWEZFPENWBKJSLC9ZOI/tobacco+drying+in+the+field+in+Cuba Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco Tobacco production in Cuba still uses many of the same methods that have been utilized locally for centuries. Source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588455724348-WT8M3JUADBGMDGSQLTZG/tobacco+drying+cuba Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1588439434751-CHEE1RVF4G979Z2J87L3/image-asset.jpeg Blog - The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Cuba’s Most Historic Tobacco https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/11/10/the-fastest-growing-trees-in-the-northeast monthly 0.5 2019-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573416773777-1064KHURUO9E1L9M2RD3/hybrid%2Bpoplar%2Bfarm Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast Fast growing trees like cottonwood and hybrid poplar are often used in broadscale plantations like this one in Oregon https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573520440257-9J1N9HRQQBIVI4ZYBSRK/poplar+agroforestry+france Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast Poplar alley cropping with wheat in France. Photo source (courtesy of Christian Dupraz) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573415895207-5YC3UZ9ZWOAO8X9B1968/four%2Byear%2Btree Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast A hybrid poplar in Southeast Pennsylvania after only four seasons of growth. Click here for more photos. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573414458357-S74EGZQUPR72XTND7PNC/75402050_2553703144714025_2947747711509594112_n.jpg Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573414455965-5JA0N9BD4TIM5GCNL7XX/75252889_582730545831005_8340856132696276992_n.jpg Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573414458049-2G5LEWEL5TVAWDAUC55X/74808666_438406423537017_1975463962912751616_n.jpg Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573417654473-U1EX530N05HJ8QTXASND/59970971_852653138431315_4766475608983076864_o.jpg Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573417732657-SLPSPY0S1PWDJ8GLHYXD/74844169_569608783794573_3007059251362267136_n.jpg Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573415600862-S4W21JR2Y8KJDLZRJ9VS/paulownia+log+7+year+old Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast A log of Paulownia elongata grown in Frank Gomez’s yard. At seven years old, it reached nearly a foot in diameter, and after cutting it has sat on wet ground with barely any signs of rot or fungal growth for 3 years. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573521370198-NGDOBP96AJ0OIJ179B9S/paulownia%2Bleaf%2Bhuge Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast Paulownia leaves can reach truly enormous sizes - far larger than any other temperate tree species. These leaves can be used as green mulch or manure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1573417186822-X4JCK4S971SXMMLMGUR7/paulownia+fortunei+plantation Blog - The Fastest Growing Trees in the Northeast A plantation of Paulownia fortunei in Australia. Photo source. https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/5/22/christmas-tree-farms-and-climate-change-a-permaculture-perspective monthly 0.5 2019-05-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558656590566-3WY0IRRI9OGPLQFSGESG/bundle%2Bof%2Bevergreen%2Bseedlings%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bplanted Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective A bundle of Fraser fir, Canaan fir, and red spruce await planting on our steep hill. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558653960275-8UM7OVANHZYGFB8JCARA/stump+sprout+balsam+fir Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective One farm in Western Massachusetts is reviving the ancient art of coppicing, using native conifers. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558656894211-ZUM0D4ZFWUB56HH707FR/you%252Bcut%252Bgrove%252Baerial.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective The stump culture balsam groves comprise a complex managed forest landscape that defy mechanization, or even straight rows. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558654384930-YVSPFY1CT3ZWO8BECD92/christmas+trees+managed+by+scythe Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective Emmet manages his balsam groves with only hand tools, particularly three different scythes: one for grass, a medium one for smaller areas with small woody stems, and a “short stout one that I use to beat apart rose thickets and saplings the size of my thumb.” This kind of low-tech management is elegant in its simplicity and ancient in its tradition. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558654798149-BJSY69CX7CN3BZJMSUMU/stump+culture+balsam+fir Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective A freshly cut stump cultured balsam fir sprouts anew. The most vigorous and well-spaced sprouts will be allowed to grow, and the others pruned off. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558654900436-4QKL4QC32JXGDCZCK2EO/balsam+fir+stump+culture+christmas+tree Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective After a few years, the dominant sprout begins shaping into a marketable Christmas tree for harvesting. There are two or three other sprouts growing on the stump, waiting to become leaders when this one gets cut. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558655004751-OJ5F9WTKN9925X4AFLV5/biodiversity+in+christmas+tree+agroforestry+system Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective Biodiversity is at home in these types of managed forests, particularly when most of the trees are native. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558655440008-MMBPDUI6A4B54LIP1ER0/sheep+silvopasture+christmas+trees Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective Sheep, cattle, and other livestock can all be seamlessly integrated into Christmas tree farms. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558655648238-7JZ6RAV9ATR8R4CEXRRV/Fraser%2Bfir%2Bassisted%2Bmigration Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective Christmas tree farms can assist endangered conifers migrate northward in response to climate change. Our farm sits in Pennsylvania’s Appalachian hills, providing a similar home to the native range of Fraser and Canaan fir. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558655955016-J332WYVRIM2T6L1ZV97F/southern+Appalachian+spruce-fir+forest Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective The southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest is a unique and endangered biome. We hope to replicate it on a small scale at our farm, using a permaculture approach to Christmas tree farming, and help move its species northward to avoid extirpation from climate change. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558656266026-168APMR3Y7L53HOLC8YT/southern+Appalachian+temperate+rainforest Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective The Appalachian temperate rainforest is a unique environment dominated by evergreens, mosses, and unique fauna. As our region gets wetter in the coming decades, we hope to create a facsimile of this type of forest. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558659702101-UG6C7O578WYTUVK9KKT7/conifer+understory+aspen+trees Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective Spruce and fir often grow well in the understory of deciduous forests in the wild. Our system is modeled on ecosystems like this, except with tree crops in the overstory and berries in the bottom layer. Photo source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657051543-CFHNB8YCGZ7CMMA1S2LJ/60821907_464840344337453_4634504840368619520_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657070697-QZ4LQLC6W4PNJY6A1PA2/60956597_1359757500841946_5387321442381594624_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657060246-J7FP2LG09LU2IZPHL2F6/60900694_2437342929644200_219805070315749376_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657066336-52I3ZA71RLKP1630UCZ4/60740091_2298020197079028_295450379385044992_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657070535-7LZLB9RNX1J3OEANNQ27/60794473_359200231384347_3952697886143152128_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657080312-S14DUM49XQAQ3MZFMWUB/60805149_295707828003146_8536496063442321408_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657078394-UFTCPJJDRGQAVIFF00M4/60706150_2189208317863406_3839583050455318528_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1558657083265-ZGA2RIKLWHU1AHO7XDOK/61132633_496990767505636_1918987324813737984_n.jpg Blog - Christmas Tree Farms & Climate Change: A Permaculture Perspective https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/4/6/cold-hardy-almonds-for-the-northeast monthly 0.5 2022-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1554605605730-T5DMWM559Y797CZ4TO7E/almond%2Bflower Blog - Cold Hardy Almonds for the Northeast Blossoms from Javid's Iranian almond - a cold hardy variety that can grow as far north as zone 5 (southern Vermont and Maine) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1554605383112-O8GP7PS0Y25ZHNR4SX4M/almond+fruits Blog - Cold Hardy Almonds for the Northeast Almond fruits are fuzzy like their close relative, the peach. (photo source) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1554605637893-5L0NWXT101U9B9B670YR/almonds+emerging+from+hull Blog - Cold Hardy Almonds for the Northeast When ripe, the fruit splits open and the nut falls out. (photo source) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1554605774427-NCVAZJ3APXUZ9MB0TDVH/bee%2Bpollinating%2Balmond%2Bflower Blog - Cold Hardy Almonds for the Northeast Honeybee hives are trucked in to California vast almond monocultures from every state in the continental U.S. They spend a few weeks pollinating blossoms that have been sprayed with harsh fungicides, weakening their immune systems and opening up their hives to parasites and diseases which contribute to Colony Collapse Disorder. https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/2/3/could-ants-revolutionize-organic-pest-management monthly 0.5 2019-03-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1549246521534-1KXICY3D47DKLU9WMWDE/Formica+rufa+ant+nest Blog - Could Ants Revolutionize Organic Pest Management? Creating huge colonies, the Formica rufa ant is widely used to control timber pests in the highly managed forests of central Europe https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1549231522050-N92M02R5H3H8SMU1GXTV/Formica+subsericea+ant Blog - Could Ants Revolutionize Organic Pest Management? Formica subsericea - a native ant species shown to be an effective biological pest control in East Coast orchards. (Source) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1549230979897-1FLWFGUWSX94VEAP2AKF/Lasius+neoniger+cornfield+ant+queen Blog - Could Ants Revolutionize Organic Pest Management? A queen cornfield ant, Lasius neoniger, shown to be effective at eliminating orchard pests and aerating soil (Source) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1549235791752-XYDONQ132M7KC0Q48YBU/ant+on+a+flower Blog - Could Ants Revolutionize Organic Pest Management? Many ant species will patrol and forage for prey near their colony. Some, like Pheidole morrisii, hunt on the ground, while others like Formica integra will search over entire trees https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1549231872554-S5KKK2C6JRYQIYGELXZE/Formica+neoclara+ant+aphids Blog - Could Ants Revolutionize Organic Pest Management? Formica neoclara - a West Coast ant, pictured here tending aphids. It has been shown to be an effective predator of orchard pests. (Source) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1549232183411-VGF0ISCU6UWUSJXMA40V/Ant+guarding+its+aphids Blog - Could Ants Revolutionize Organic Pest Management? Many ant species will herd and milk aphids like livestock. Here an ant is guarding a collection of aphids in Virginia. (Source) https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/2/3/non-invasive-english-ivy monthly 0.5 2019-02-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548709372934-Q0ZOS733PS8FT97YYRJI/young-ivy-leaf Blog - The Incredible Potential of Non-Invasive English Ivy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548709183326-SWZPMHUS5HVNTS3MAM51/ivy-fruit Blog - The Incredible Potential of Non-Invasive English Ivy All parts of the ivy plant - from roots and leaves to fruits and flowers - are active against orchard pathogens like apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548708994968-35BUYWUOK92EAGXQ5WD7/ivy-flowers-butterfly Blog - The Incredible Potential of Non-Invasive English Ivy English ivy flowers draw hundreds, if not thousands, of native pollinators in the lean months when nectary sources are rare https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548709103418-EGQ3GXSZH0RRLK4REBT2/folium-hederae Blog - The Incredible Potential of Non-Invasive English Ivy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548709833874-NLSETBSHSQYP4VSS2L5E/ivy-carpet Blog - The Incredible Potential of Non-Invasive English Ivy Unchecked, English ivy can dominate the groundcover layer. Invasive populations like these should be harvested first. https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/1/28/a-visit-to-the-fabled-adelgid-resistant-hemlock-grove monthly 0.5 2019-01-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548692272461-YA9UN059MN6CX8FD3OB4/hemlock-path Blog - A Visit to the Fabled Adelgid-Resistant Hemlock Grove The damp, shaded path into the heart of the grove https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548693213065-RBN90OQ8CA9G19UORR4P/dead-hemlock Blog - A Visit to the Fabled Adelgid-Resistant Hemlock Grove Some of the trees are not resistant, and hemlock woolly adelgid is very much present at the site https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548693627434-V7IRGDLIJ6FJMO9RFSLP/healthy-hemlock Blog - A Visit to the Fabled Adelgid-Resistant Hemlock Grove The adelgid-resistant trees are lush and healthy, even when surrounded by dying non-resistant trees https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548693324515-5ZDD1JHRKD0M12WYZNOO/adelgid-resistant-hemlock-foliage Blog - A Visit to the Fabled Adelgid-Resistant Hemlock Grove Dark, glossy foliage on a resistant tree. Elevated levels of terpenes may be what allow this tree to repel infestation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548692507867-ENPEWKIK4KGK6RTBMZD7/elaphomyces-truffle-cordyceps Blog - A Visit to the Fabled Adelgid-Resistant Hemlock Grove Cameron with an unexpected find: an Elaphomyces false truffle that’s been parasitized by a Cordyceps mushroom https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2019/1/22/the-future-of-american-wine-is-native monthly 0.5 2019-01-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548188610284-9O92JJVL8SI3M0O79E53/vineyard.jpg Blog - The Future of American Wine is Native https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548189225064-DJUR2MJHZ6C1XVOQQE4Q/veraison.jpg Blog - The Future of American Wine is Native https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548189291047-NH7C01Y9GP6KNQ3QL5WN/Cloeta.jpg Blog - The Future of American Wine is Native ‘Cloeta’ - a Munson variety with excellent potential. Photo courtesty of TerraVox Vineyards https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548189831704-M2SLBLBOGHTQ8XEQE8WK/Hidalgo.jpg Blog - The Future of American Wine is Native ‘Albania’ - another disease-resistant Munson variety that can produce excellent wine. Photo courtesy of TerraVox Vineyards. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548259503720-9KZ0190FC7CJB49XPFPI/ironclad.jpg Blog - The Future of American Wine is Native ‘Ironclad’ - a native (labrusca x riparia) hybrid from Philadelphia, and one of the first grape cultivars in the United States. Image from U. P. Hendrick’s “The Grapes of New York” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1548216737274-5HX07VVJHUAK4IZUX8LA/nature.jpg Blog - The Future of American Wine is Native https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2018/10/17/exploring-americas-oldest-food-forest monthly 0.5 2023-06-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539914286697-L506K1DBZMMA3XRCF62I/american+food+forest Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Pecans, hicans, hickories, black walnuts, white oaks, maples, persimmons, and honey locusts - most of the trees grafted varieties - create a dense, productive canopy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539822396760-73158IOZTVJ636OSIAB0/smith-hershey-nursery-map Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Hershey’s farm and nursery was incredibly diverse and held an enormous wealth of every type of tree crop imaginable: filberts, blueberries, English and Black walnuts, chestnuts, peaches, cherries, pears, jujubes, sugar maples, chinkapin and bur oak, mulberries, wild plums, persimmons, honey locust, more oaks, pecans, hicans, hickories, and more. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539914322278-967YRR7W8JZQOP2MIPIL/rows3.jpg Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest A mature honey locust between former nursery rows. Over the decades after the farm was abandoned, the trees grew into a “jungle” where the weakest trees were shaded out. The trees that remain are the strongest and most resilient. This food forest literally created itself as a highly diversified and productive system. The only maintenance it receives is periodic mowing. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1540427319342-TOZN3VPVC41LKS5CSEV0/hickories Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Grafted hickories in a back yard. Hickories, including bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), are one of the most underutilized (and most delicious) tree crops. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1540427462305-5LNJE7EXD1LIMEX489PZ/chestnut+persimmon+hickory Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Timber-form chestnut, hickories, persimmons - many of them grafted varieties that Hershey discovered while working at the T.V.A. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539916520425-KM0MALOGR58ZO46S9UNP/giant+hican+tree Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Gathering giant “Bixby” or “McAllister” hican nuts from a truly massive tree - about at 100 ft. tall and wide. This particular tree is slated to be destroyed this winter to make way for a new housing development. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539915050699-K9DOAPL6NATBV94V27P7/diversity+of+persimmons Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Hershey grew an incredible diversity of American persimmons displaying different shapes and colors - reds, oranges, purples, greens, and more. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539914934269-437VX73OVCPTW90PF34K/persimmons+on+the+ground Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Thousands of ripe persimmons litter the ground in early Fall https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1540428480911-9IJ1GEFYBBF6SEIBXNGR/persimmon+nursery+row Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest A grafted persimmon - with its distinctive bark - stands amidst honey locusts, pecans, hicans, and black walnuts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539824715074-65JNN4FELXDSCC53KBQH/bur+oak+acorns+on+the+ground Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Bur oak acorns drop abundantly in early October. I was able to gather 500 of these enormous acorns by hand in less than half an hour. Pigs or deer could swoop them up much faster, if given the chance. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539914456525-WJ5O439S2Y82PC56CNXI/bur+oak+acorn Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Hershey collected and grew the largest specimens of bur oak acorns he found. Photo courtesy of Buzz Ferver. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539914499373-15N259FLC9K4C0NLHYHJ/bur+oak+acorns Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539824964664-MG3U6CKU7HCYZ8SYF64X/honey+locust+pods Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Plump, sugary pods on grafted varieties can grow over 18 inches long. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539825061042-42EPLFUP0L30B9UNGZ3J/honey+locust+crop Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest The honey locust selections tend to bear biennially - however, different varieties bear in different years. This tree produced very little last year, however there was a large crop on other trees. Planting different varieties will ensure a dependable crop every year. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539825033286-48X6MURA0TG65F0G50VX/honey+locust+savannah Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest This planting shows how honey locusts could be part of silvopasture systems - or integrated into annual grain or vegetable fields. The leaves provide dappled shade, allowing for most annuals to grow beneath them. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539825204783-NKNCB2W2Y4B7TVVGH0AM/hybrid+chestnuts Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539914534083-QP3MQ8SIYKLWGDDLMHB6/chinese+chestnut+tree Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest These Chinese chestnuts, still growing in untended hedges with an understory of invasive bush honeysuckle, have grown to enormous size in 50+ years - about 4 feet in diameter at breast height https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1540427899108-7G326E605U6ULI2AA1FG/Chestnuts+on+tree Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Chestnut burs hang heavy on the branches of a young seedling chestnut near some of the older specimens https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539915508369-33WTPS1LARKA2R3TAVRN/cultivated+black+walnuts Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Average sized black walnut (left) beside a black walnut from a grafted tree (right) near the Meetinghouse https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539915661040-O5GZ2PVFVGQKSN8PPOIX/black+walnuts Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Black walnuts bear abundantly every year https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539915739829-59Z07XXLI1NSBAN8OZMR/tripled+grafted+walnut Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest This is a triple grafted walnut: black walnut rootstock, 2 grafted butternut (Juglans cinerea) varieties, and third graft of a highly unusual single-lobed walnut that is easier to crack and great for home production https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539915919718-2TOBZX47OSQWCHYF2P13/enormous+northern+pecan Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest An enormous (100+ ft. tall & wide) pecan tree - one of many of this size. These trees are likely nearly a century old, and are slated for removal this year by a developer. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539916055938-SPTAHDND7TKOWEULTOHD/pecan+canopy Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest We gathered hundreds of pecans from just the lowest branches that we could reach. Looking up into the canopy of a giant tree like this, it is clear what the productive potential is for tree crop systems in the Northeast. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539916333289-IMW6TAAYOWREFI9VA7MR/giant+hican+hickory-pecan+hybrid Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Giant nuts from the “Bixby” or “McAllister” hican. These are the largest nuts that can be grown in North America. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1539916867580-3XQN2IB1I6KGG3H5I1QP/abundant+crabapples Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest Delicious crabapples larger than a quarter, bearing abundantly every year without sprays. These will hang on late into winter. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1540435207108-EBVWUUSEDKAUGMJ6HE45/hazelnut Blog - Exploring North America's Oldest Food Forest A blight-resistant hazelnut, growing and fruiting beneath an overstory of honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis), Turkey oak (Quercus cerris), and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), near another understory stand of pawpaw (Asimina triloba) https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2018/9/5/peaches-were-americas-first-invasive-species monthly 0.5 2018-10-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1536195724077-6Q2S1SR1ONQRXSY7XV8U/peach-basket Blog - Peaches Were America's First Invasive Species https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1536195961179-BSIX5VR17HHICVMC72QV/peaches-on-branch Blog - Peaches Were America's First Invasive Species https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1536196190415-CK9LB6G5N7G5CFQ0KWQH/peach-tree.jpg Blog - 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Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532395492407-J1H0UA9YMSDN7FYVROC4/catalpa.jpg Blog - Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast Native to the Deep South, Catalpa bignonioidesalso grows well in the Northeast https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532395675333-QX3A7PFH5ENNXB0866KT/baldcypress.jpg Blog - Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) can resist hurricane-force winds with little or no damage https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532396001068-DUX2PICWNYWEK3QZPN3W/crabapple.jpg Blog - Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast Crabapples (Malus spp.) support 311 species of moths and butterflies in the Northeast, in addition to providing fruit to a wide range of wildlife https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532398323613-XGTMUMJSLYIR7AIF7M90/honeylocust.jpg Blog - Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast Growing well in cities as far south as Louisiana and Texas, thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) is an excellent choice for challenging sites https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532396864348-C8H6R2PH16UBGRMAT36N/southern-sugar-maple.jpg Blog - Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast Able to withstand high heat and urban conditions, Southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum) can be planted in the Northeast now to offset the increasing loss of northern sugar maple (Acer saccharum). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532397174676-NZURZ8U973Z0J247WFN3/persimmon.jpg Blog - Standards for Selecting Climate Resilient Trees in the Northeast Providing delicious fruit, valuable wood, and stunning fall color, American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is a valuable tree that has something for everyone https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/2018/7/18/saving-the-sugar-maple monthly 0.5 2018-10-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1536268619765-L2U0T64O0TCH02I8CXAL/sugar-maple-leaves Blog - 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Growing as far south as Texas and Louisiana, it contains resilient genetics that could help northern sugar maple survive. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532472200227-NB9R1LTSZTFQ0UAFZFWL/acer-barbatum.jpg Blog - Saving the Sugar Maple Southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum) displaying stunning Fall foliage in a native Florida woodland https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1536267320167-GO743YH165TU19NP471M/hickory-and-maple Blog - Saving the Sugar Maple Hickories and birches frequently grow in the same places as sugar maples, making them a good addition to any sugar bush. https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/blog/assisted-migration monthly 0.5 2018-10-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532657119400-SFX2F67383TIMAJZEVJT/monarch_butterfly.jpg Blog - Assisted Migration: Facing Climate Change in Our Own Backyards 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https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/about daily 0.75 2023-08-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1531794620487-DOX422V8XI0JNIXHLJK8/IMG_0913.jpg About https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532391646729-UUK81U7LNALUNJEKCMTV/lansdowne-sycamore.jpg About The Lansdowne sycamore, pictured here, was likely planted by Lenape or Swedes around 400 years ago to demarcate a spring alongside a trail. Though it is all that remains of the original forest in its area, it has served people and wildlife for four centuries and shows the potential of planting a single tree. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1532393673129-JWIRJDIL4ANMEB4XWZO8/persimmon.jpg About https://www.shelterwoodforestfarm.com/connect daily 0.75 2018-07-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5b271c001aef1d89f00e92ae/1530274843474-IJGE92G5OWT5LEYK4T1F/IMG_1463.jpg Connect